What Is Unexpected Weight Loss?Unexpected weight loss is unintentional loss of body mass composition or inability to gain weight marked by decreased serum proteins and increased stool fat.1
T ransient erythroblastopenia is a rare disorder of red blood cell formation characterized by brief, reversible disappearance of erythroblasts (red blood cell precursors) in the bone marrow of children.
Q: What do the red blood cells look like?
A: Circulating red blood cells appear normal so that the anemia which develops is a normocytic (normal cellular) anemia in contrast to microcytic (small cell) anemia in iron deficiency or macrocytic (large cell) anemia in vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency.
Because new red blood cells are failing to mature, packed red blood cell transfusions may be necessary in severe anemia.
In adults, this disorder is called pure red blood cell anemia.
Sucrose intolerance is the inability to digest sucrose, a widely available sugar, while sucrosemia is the abnormal presence of sucrose in the bloodstream.
Q: Why cannot the body digest sucrose?
A: Sucrose, such as cane or beet sugar, is a double molecule sugar which must first be digested before being absorbed from the gut into the bloodstream. That is, sucrose must be split into its component single molecules of fructose and glucose, which are then properly absorbed.
The inability to properly digest sucrose results directly from low production and activity of sucrase in the small intestine. Sucrase is the specific enzyme that splits or digests sucrose.
Undigested sucrose does not remain idle. Its presence acts osmotically to draw water from the body into the intestine, causing watery diarrhea.
Meanwhile, microbiota (normal bacteria) in the colon eagerly ferment the abnormally present sucrose that arrives from the small intestine. Fermentation generates short-chain fatty acids and hydrogen gas, which results in bloating pain.1
In sucrosemia, sucrose molecules abnormaly pass through an unhealthy small intestinal lining and enter the bloodstream where there presence is abnormal. Sucrose in the blood is filtered out by the kidneys and excreted in urine.
Positive response to a breath hydrogen test (BHT), involving 1 – 3 hours of time post ingestion of sucrose test dose, signifies malabsorption in the small intestine and fermentation in the colon. If BHT is positive before 60 minutes, the result implies bacteria is abnormally present in the small intestine, causing fermentation there. Endoscopy is used to measure sucrase activity in tissue samples.
What Is Vomiting?V omiting is the regurgitation of swallowed food back out of the mouth.
What Is Beefy Red, Smooth, Burning Tongue?Beefy, red, smooth, burning tongue is an inflammatory alteration in tongue tissue characteristic of vitamin B12 deficiency.
Inflammation makes the tongue red and sore which, when untreated, progresses to atrophied papillae (shrunken taste buds) that makes the tongue smooth.
Q: Why does vitamin B12 alter the tongue?
A: Vitamin B12 is essential for the metabolism of all cells, especially for those of the digestive tract of which the tongue is an organ.1
These easily seen changes to tongue tissue are an important diagnostic feature of deficient vitamin B12, which causes other devastating unseen damage, because the discomfort generally causes the individual to seek medical care.
What Is Vitiligo? V itiligo is a pigmentation disorder of the skin characterized by permanent loss of melanocytes in defined areas and, in some patients, antibodies to melanin. Vitiligo has significant psychological impact if occurring before…
What Is A Fiery Red, Smooth, Burning Tongue?A fiery red, smooth, burning tongue is an alteration in tongue tissue that is characteristic of advanced niacin deficiency.1
Q: How does niacin deficiency cause the tongue to be red and sore?
A: Niacin is an essential B vitamin that is required for a healthy tongue and by all body cells as well. Deficiency first shows in tissues with rapid cellular turnover, such as mucosal cells of the tongue.
When absorbed from the small intestines, niacin (the form in food) becomes the active form niacinamide. Niacinamide is converted by the body into co-enzymes which are present in all cells. These enzymes function in oxidation-reduction reactions essential for release of energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins and are needed as components for more than 200 enzymes involved in metabolism.
In addition to producing energy, niacinamide is essential for healthy skin and the mucosal lining of the digestive tract, normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and production of steroid hormones from adrenal glands and hormones from sex glands.
A pale, smooth, burning tongue is an alteration in tongue tissue characteristic of iron deficiency. The tongue is also swollen.1
Additionally, the sore tongue surface may be invaded by candida yeast which takes advantage of the sore tissue.
Iron deficiency itself increases susceptibility to infection.
Q: What is iron deficiency?
A: Iron deficiency results when the level within cells is too low to meet metabolic needs of the body for this mineral.
Deficiency is characterized by impaired red blood cell formation, free-radical disposal, oxygenation of cells, immune response to infection, enzyme activity, cognitive performance, digestion, nail structure, and fetal health.2
Iron is an essential mineral that is required for normal body function. Almost two-thirds of iron in the body is found in hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to tissues. Smaller amounts of iron are found in myoglobin, a protein that helps supply oxygen to muscle, and in enzymes that assist biochemical reactions.
Iron is also found in proteins that store iron for future needs and that transport iron in blood. Iron stores are regulated by intestinal iron absorption.3
What Is Vomiting?Vomiting is the regurgitation of swallowed food back out of the mouth.
P arathyroid carcinoma is a slow growing rare malignancy involving overactive parathyroid glands and is characterized by profound hypercalcemia (elevated blood calcium level), parathyroid hormone levels of more than 3 times upper normal limits, and palpable neck mass.1
Parathyroid carcinoma is a cause of severe hyperparathyroidism. Hyperparathyroidism results from overproduction of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands.
Research comparing patients with carcinoma to patients with primary hyperparathyroidism showed that patients with parathyroid carcinoma had significantly higher serum parathyroid hormone and calcium levels compared with patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.2
Q: Why is the blood calcium level elevated?
A: Blood calcium level is elevated due to overproduction of parathyroid hormone by the diseased gland(s).
The function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is to keep calcium blood levels normal, which it does by drawing calcium out of bones as needed. The problem of too much PTH is that bone is constantly robbed of calcium and this depletion causes bone demineralization, resulting in osteopenia progressing to osteoporosis. Of course, weakened bones are subject to breakage with light trauma.
On the other hand, too much calcium in the blood can cause kidney stone formation because urine production is the way the body excretes excess calcium. That is, highly concentrated calcium precipitates out of the urine solution to form stones.
With an estimated incidence of 0.015 per 100,000 population and an estimated prevalence of .005% in the United States, parathyroid cancer is one of the rarest of all human cancers according to the National Cancer Institute.