[dropcap]O[/dropcap]bstetrical complications are reproductive disorders during pregnancy, labor and delivery that endanger the mother and unborn infant.
Complications may result from prolonged constipation, malnutriton, hormonal imbalance, infection, systemic disease such as diabetes, obesity, tumors of the uterus, medication adverse effects, drug abuse, smoking, and alcohol abuse.
What Are Sperm Abnormalities?[dropcap]S[/dropcap]perm abnormalities are the result of gonadal dysfunction (testicles) characterized by inability to either produce sperm or to produce viable sperm or mobile sperm which results in prohibiting fertilization of the female ovum.
Q: How are sperm normally produced?
A: There are two testicles, or testes, that are oblong, egg shapes about 2 inches long and an inch wide and enclosed in a protective sac called the scrotum which hangs outside the body. The testes have these functions:
What Is Short Duration Of Breast Feeding?[dropcap]S[/dropcap]hort duration of breast feeding, or lactation, is characterized by inadequate milk production by a mother who has just given birth.
Normally, lactation begins with the production and release of colostrum from the mammary glands during the first few days after birth until the milk comes in. Colostrum is a yellow colored, nutrient rich fluid, high in calories and containing immunoglobulins to protect the baby from infection.
Lactation depends on adequate secretion of prolactin hormone by the pituitary gland which begins after the rapid decrease of estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries that occurs with childbirth. Prolactin secretion is afterward stimulated by sucking of the infant and continues as long as the infant nurses.
Milk production to meet the needs of the infant depends on adequate nutrition on the part of the mother.
What Is Severe Iron Deficiency Anemia In Pregnancy?[dropcap]S[/dropcap]evere iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy is characterized by abnormal formation of small, pale red blood cells that impair the ability of the fetus to obtain adequate oxygen for proper growth and development and imperil its life and cause the mother extreme fatigue with increased risk of infection.
Q: Why does this anemia imperil the fetus and cause the mother extreme fatigue with increased risk of infection?
A: Severe iron deficiency anemia significantly impedes the ability of the mother’s blood to carry sufficient oxygen for both her needs and the unborn baby’s needs. In this anemia the blood cells do not have adequate hemoglobin which functions to carry oxygen from the mother’s lungs to her body. Of course, the fetus gets its oxygen only from the mother’s blood.
Red blood cell production and function are dependent on a sufficient level of iron in the body and also the ability to use iron to make hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Hemoglobin is a protein that binds oxygen in red blood cells to be carried by the bloodstream to cells throughout the body. In iron deficiency anemia, hemoglobin in females is below 12.5g/dl (normal range is 12.5g/dl to 16g/dl ).