[dropcap]C[/dropcap]alcium is the most abundant mineral in the body, with 99% residing in teeth and bones where it constitutes 40% of skeletal bone weight along with 45% phosphorus.
As a component of hard tissues, calcium fulfills a structural role to maintain body size and acts as attachments for musculoskeletal tissues.
Q: What does the non-skeleton calcium do in the body?
A: The remaining 1% of calcium is present in blood and soft tissues. Calcium levels in the blood are maintained within very strict limits by dietary intake, hormonal regulation and a rapidly exchangeable pool in bone tissue. The many important functions are described below.
What Is Calcium Deficiency In Celiac Disease and/or Gluten Sensitivity?
[dropcap]B[/dropcap]one fractures, or broken bones, are breaks in skeletal bones that occur usually from trauma to the bone itself or by a sudden violent contraction of muscle attached to it.
Q: Are there other causes of bone fractures besides trauma?
A: Fractures may occur spontaneously without trauma in certain pathological disorders such as osteoporosis, osteonecrosis, osteomalacia, osteomyelitis, syphilis, and cancer affecting the bone.
Bone fractures are a major public health problem with treatment costs in the billions of dollars and lead to subsequent disability for many patients.
Hip fractures, for example, may be complicated by infection at the surgical site, pneumonia, decubitus ulcer from lack of movement, and deep vein thrombosis making hip fractures the second leading cause of nursing home admissions in the USA.
Improvement of bone health and reducing risk factors such as smoking, caffeinated drinks (coffee, tea and sodas), and use of alcohol are key to preventing bone fractures.
Bone strength is easily measured by testing bone mineral density (BMD). BMD is evaluated by DEXA scan (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). DEXA at the femoral neck and lumbar spine is considered the gold standard to confirm the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Results are expressed as T and Z scores. T scores compare the result with a 20 to 40 year old helathy person while Z scores compare the result with persons in the same age group. Both are measured in standard deviations (SD).
According to WHO criteria (World Health Organization), a T-score of -1 SD or greater denotes normal bone, a T-score between −1 to −2.5 SD denotes osteopenia, and a T-score of −2.5 or more denotes osteoporosis.1
What Are Bone Fractures In Celiac Disease and/or Gluten Sensitivity?
Sources:
Pantaleoni S, Luchino M, Adriani A, Pellicano R, Stradella D, Ribaldone DG, Sapone N, Isaia GC, Di Stefano M, Astegiano M. Bone mineral density at diagnosis of celiac disease and after 1 year of gluten-free diet. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014;2014:173082. doi: 10.1155/2014/173082. [↩]
[dropcap]B[/dropcap]one pain is pain or tenderness in bone tissue. Bone pain intensity and location depend on the causative disorder.
Q: What are causative disorders of bone pain?
A: Bone pain is a feature of various disorders that include malnutrition, bone disease such as osteoarthritis, infection, inflammation, hyperparathyroidism, immune mechanisms, fractures, adverse effects or toxic effects of certain medications, and cancer such as sarcoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, and metastatic lesions from a primary tumor elsewhere.
What Is Bone Pain In Celiac Disease and/or Gluten Sensitivity?
X-ray showing osteonecrosis of the femur (right side). Courtesy Wikimedia.
What Is Osteonecrosis?
[dropcap]O[/dropcap]steonecrosis is a bone disorder resulting from insufficient blood flow to a part of the skeleton and is characterized by resulting death of bone cells (necrosis).
After a while the bone can collapse. If this condition is not treated, the joint will deteriorate and this will become severe arthritis.
It is most common in the hip and shoulder, but can affect other large joints such as knee, elbow, wrist and ankle.1
What Is Osteonecrosis In Celiac Disease and/or Gluten Sensitivity?
A painful bone disorder caused by death of bone cells resulting from insufficient blood flow to a part of the skeleton due to secondary hyperparathyroidism from calcium deficiency. Click for full description.
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What Is Calcium?
