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This is a depiction of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody which is elevated in allergic reactions.
This is a depiction of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody which is elevated in allergic reactions.

What Is Allergic Rhinitis?

A llergic rhinitis is an immune disorder characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa by an IgE antibody reaction to an allergen.

An allergen is something that triggers an allergic immune response.

Q: What is the immune response?

A: Implicated in the response is an increase in T gamma-delta intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), which is a subset of pro-inflammatory T-cells located in the respiratory mucosa.  Lymphocytes are white blood cells.

When a person with allergic rhinitis breathes in an allergen such as pollen or dust, the body releases chemicals, including histamine that cause allergy symptoms. For example, hay fever involves an allergic reaction to pollen. A similar reaction occurs with allergy to mold, animal dander, dust, and other allergens that are breathed in.

What Is Allergic Rhinitis In Celiac Disease and/or Gluten Sensitivity?

PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome) 

DSCN4758aWhat Are Brittle Nails?

B rittle nails are abnormalities of the nail plate that are characterized by poor nail structure affecting all fingernails and toenails seen as thin, dry nails that easily chip, split, and are difficult to maintain a clean edge. Usually longitudinal ridging occurs from the nail base to the tips.

Q: What is the nail plate?

A: The nail plate is the hard keratin cover protecting the finger tip and toe tip. The nail plate (non-living tissue) is produced by the nail matrix (living tissue) at the base of the nail plate under the lunula (moon), which is the site of brittle nail development.

Nail Anatomy. A. Nail plate; B. lunula; C. root; D. sinus; E. matrix; F. nail bed; G. hyponychium; H. free margin. Courtesy Wikipedia.org
Nail Anatomy. A. Nail plate; B. lunula; C. root; D. sinus; E. matrix; F. nail bed; G. hyponychium; H. free margin. Courtesy Wikipedia.org

Poor nail structure affecting all nails may be a feature of nutritional deficiency in poor diet or malabsorption such as occurs in celiac disease.

Some other causes are: idiopathic (unknown cause), the result of aging, the effects of certain drugs, or an association with systemic autoimmune disorders such as vitiligo, alopecia areata (with pitting), psoriasis (with pitting), and lichen planus. 

External (non-nutritional or disease) causes of dry, brittle nails, such as detergents and cleaners, would only affect fingernails but not toenails.

Note: It has been shown that working with your hands in water or soaking them through activities like swimming does not cause dry, brittle nails but will worsen them.

What Are Brittle Nails In Celiac Disease and/or Gluten Sensitivity?

Impotence

This White Spot Is A Feature of Zinc Deficiency.
This White Spot Is A Feature of Zinc Deficiency.

What Are White Spots And White Bands In Nails?

W hite spots in the nails is a feature of zinc deficiency and white bands signify protein deficiency characterized by abnormal appearance anywhere in one or more nails.

White spots and bands can appear separately or together in nails. There may be just one mark or many marks depending on the level of deficiency.

Q: What part of the nail is affected by zinc and/or protein deficiency?

A: Zinc and protein deficiencies affect the nail plate.

The nail plate is the hard keratin cover of the finger tip and toe tip, simply called “the nail.” The nail plate is produced by the living nail tissue at its base. Here is an illustration of the parts that make up a fingernail:

Nail Anatomy. Nail Anatomy. A. Nail plate; B. lunula; C. root; D. sinus; E. matrix; F. nail bed; G. hyponychium; H. free margin. Courtesy Wikipedia.org.

A. Nail plate; B. lunula; C. root; D. sinus; E. matrix; F. nail bed; G. hyponychium; H. free margin. Courtesy Wikipedia.

What Are White Spots And White Bands In Nails In Celiac Disease and/or Gluten Sensitivity?

Constipation Alternating with Diarrhea

Bristol Stool Chart Showing Normal and Abnormal Stool.
Bristol Stool Chart Showing Normal and Abnormal Stool.

What Is Chronic Constipation Alternating With Diarrhea?

Chronic constipation alternating with diarrhea is an intestinal motility disorder, or irregularity, characterized by alteration in stool formation, consistency, and evacuation which results in a bowel movement that consists of some hard or balled stool along with some loose stool that can cause leakage.

Q: How do irregular movement patterns develop in the colon?

A: The colon produces irregular movements as a result of problems that originate in  the colon (large intestine) itself and/or the small intestine which then affects function of the colon.

Here are listed the many types of problems or diseases that cause these abnormal bowel movements:

  • Disorders that adversely affect the colon, an organ which must propel stool, remove excess water, absorb electrolytes, ferment undigested food material that passes into it, and produce nutrients from the fermentation process:
  • Poor diet that does not contain adequate nutrition, fiber, probiotics, prebiotics, and water to form normal stool.
  • Diet that contains irritating, toxic or allergenic food that cause spasms.
  • Diseases that inflame the mucosa lining such as collagenous colitis, altering the proper absorption of water and electrolytes.
  • Diseases that damage and swell the colon walls, such as Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, and diverticulitis.
  • Diseases that obstruct the lumen or passageway so that stool passes with difficulty.
  • Diseases that hamper normal peristalsis (muscle action), such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), diabetes and thyroid disease.
  • Disorders that adversely affect the small intestine, an organ which must digest and absorb nutrients needed by the body while passing unabsorbed food material to the colon:  
  • Diet that conatins too much fat, sugar or artifical sweeteners, causing diarrhea.
  • Disorders that result in malabsorption, such as gluten enteropathy, milk enteropathy, steatorrhea (fat malabsorption), lactose intolerance, sucrose intolerance, maltose intolerance, and bacterial overgrowth, passing abnormal amounts of undigested food material to the colon where it is fermented producing excessive gas, diarrhea and spasm.
  • Disorders that impair peristalsis, such as active celiac disease, diabetes, scleroderma, and thyroid disease.
  • Tumors like cancer and lymphoma impair regular passage of material to colon.
  • Drugs that impair peristalsis, such as iron supplements, aluminum containing antacids, narcotics, some anti-depressants, some anti-seizure, and some diuretics.

What Is Chronic Constipation Alternating With Diarrhea In Celiac Disease and/or Gluten Sensitivity?

Epilepsy (Convulsions)

chronic diarrhea gluten celiac disease symptomWhat Is Chronic Diarrhea?

C hronic diarrhea is an intestinal motility disorder characterized by 1) alteration in stool formation causing loose to fluid movements and quantity of movements with or without abdominal pain and 2) interference with normal carbohydrate salvage by the intestinal microbe population.

The severity of diarrhea is determined by the frequency and quantity of fluid lost.

Q: What is carbohydrate salvage by microbes in the colon?

A: Carbohydrate salvage in the colon is the necessary process whereby billions of microbes normally present in the colon work to breakdown undigestible carbohydrate foodstuffs such as fiber that continually arrive from the small intestine.

The microbial action releases energy to the body that would otherwise be lost with defecation, generates short-chain fatty acids, and stimulates sodium and fluid absorption. In this important process, butyrate and proprionate are produced which nourish the colonocytes (cells that line the colon), and acetate is produced for the liver.

While diarrhea may be a common symptom of small bowel mucosal disease, the consequent malabsorption can lead to substantial malnutrition and nutrient deficiencies. The small intestine, unlike the colon, has been relatively inaccessible, and systematic evaluation is often necessary to identify and treat small intestinal mucosal diseases that lead to diarrhea. All patients with severe diarrhea or diarrhea associated with features suggestive of malabsorption may have a disease of the small intestinal mucosa that requires careful evaluation and targeted management.1

What Is Chronic Diarrhea In Celiac Disease and/or Gluten Sensitivity?

Sources:
  1. Murray JA1, Rubio-Tapia A. Diarrhoea due to small bowel diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2012 Oct;26(5):581-600. doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.013. [↩]

Migraine (Headache)

Baby with Allergic Reaction to Peanuts. GFW
Baby with Allergic Reaction to Peanuts. GFW photo.

What Is Food Allergy?

F ood allergy is an abnormal immune response to food proteins that may damage the small intestinal  lining and produce malabsorption of food. The reaction is usually delayed which makes it difficult to identify the offending food that is causing symptoms.

Q: How does food allergy develop?

A: The gastrointestinal tract serves not only to digest and absorb foodstuffs but also to protect the body from unwanted substances. When allergic food substances are eaten, the immune response that is triggered in the gut produces inflammation with symptoms such as pain, vomiting and loose bowels.

Inflammation causes swelling of the gut lining that can interfere with the passage of nutrients through it to the body which results in malabsorption. Malabsorption deprives the body of nutrients needed for normal function.

Symptoms other than digestive may involve skin rashes, hives, and respiratory difficulties that can be distressing and life-threatening.

What Is Food Allergy In Celiac Disease and/or Gluten Sensitivity?

Anorexia or Loss of Appetite

anorexia nervosa celiac disease gluten symptomWhat Is Anorexia?

Anorexia or loss of appetite is a reduced desire to eat which can cause unintentional weight loss.

Anorexia is a feature of many disorders caused by malutrition such as celiac disease and aging or gastrointestinal problems such as chronic gastroenteritis, and dysgeusia (loss of taste).

Q: Are there other conditions that cause anorexia?

A: Other underlying problem include medication side effects, infection, chronic pain, depression, grief, dehydration, hormonal dysfunction such as thyroid disease, primary hyperparathyroidism, or Addison’s disease, autoimmune mechanisms such as sarcoidosis,  and cancer growth.

What Is Anorexia In Celiac Disease and/or Gluten Sensitivity?

Diarrhea, Acute

Infant with Acute Diarrhea and Swollen Belly - Hallmarks of Celiac Disease.
Malnourished Infant With Acute Diarrhea and Swollen Belly.

What Is Acute Diarrhea?

Acute diarrhea is a small intestinal motility disorder characterized by excessively rapid movement of intestinal contents through the small intestine with excessive loss of fluid and electrolytes that leads rapidly to a life threatening hypokalemia (low potassium blood level) and acidosis.

Q: What is hypokalemia?

A: Hypokalemia is characterized by dehydration that may result in vascular collapse, muscular malfunction that may result in paralytic ileus (bowels do not move), paralysis (cannot stand), and respiratory hypoventilation (shallow breathing) or failure, metabolic acidosis resulting from diarrhea, and impaired nerve conduction.1

While diarrhea may be a common symptom of small bowel mucosal disease, the consequent malabsorption can lead to substantial malnutrition and nutrient deficiencies. The small intestine, unlike the colon, has been relatively inaccessible, and systematic evaluation is often necessary to identify and treat small intestinal mucosal diseases that lead to diarrhea. All patients with severe diarrhea or diarrhea associated with features suggestive of malabsorption may have a disease of the small intestinal mucosa that requires careful evaluation and targeted management.2

What Is Acute Diarrhea In Celiac Disease and/or Gluten Sensitivity?

Sources:
  1. Kathleen Mahan and Sylvia Escott-Stump, ed. Krause’s Food, Nutrition & Diet Therapy, 10th Edition. Philadelphia, PA. USA: W.B. Saunders Company, 2000. [↩]
  2. Murray JA1, Rubio-Tapia A. Diarrhoea due to small bowel diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2012 Oct;26(5):581-600. doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.013. [↩]