[dropcap]D[/dropcap]ental enamel defects (DED) comprise a variety of abnormalities in the dental enamel of the second or permanent teeth and of primary or baby teeth.
Teeth may appear with pits, thin or missing enamel, non-white enamel (yellow, orange, or gray colored teeth), and demarcated opacities (very white spots) even if teeth are white.
Q: What is enamel?
A: Dental enamel is the shiny, hard, white, dense, inorganic substance covering the crowns of the teeth. The crown is the tooth portion above the gum. Under the enamel is hard dentin which surround the living pulp. In teeth with missing enamel, the areas with exposed dentin appear dull and tan colored.
What Are Dental Enamel Defects In Celiac Disease and/or Gluten Sensitivity?
Parathyroid Glands in the Neck. Courtesy Wikipedia.com
What Is Secondary Hyperparathyroidism?
[dropcap]S[/dropcap]econdary hyperparathyroidism is a parathyroid disorder resulting from hypocalcemia (low blood calcium level) that is characterized by excessive production of parathyroid hormone in the attempt to normalize the low blood calcium by releasing calcium from bone.
Parathyroid hormone is produced by the four pea sized parathyroid glands that are located on the thyroid gland in the front of the neck. In part, because the thyroid and parathyroid glands share the same anatomic place in the body and because they have similar names, they are often confused although they have completely different actions.
Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium and the opposing mineral phosphorus in the blood. In secondary hyperparathyroidism, calcium blood levels are low to normal while phosphorus levels are increased which stimulates the outpouring of parathyroid hormone.
Q: How does secondary hyperparathyroidism differ from primary hyperparathyroidism?
A: In primary hyperparathyroidism blood calcium is high and phosphorus is low, which is the opposite of secondary hyperparathyroidism.
The most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism is kidney disease causing failure to reabsorb calcium followed by vitamin D deficiency and malabsorption.
What Is Secondary Hyperparathyroidism In Celiac Disease and/or Gluten Sensitivity?
The legs second from the right show bowing in osteomalacia in contrast to the others.
What Is Osteomalacia?
[dropcap]O[/dropcap]steomalacia is a metabolic bone disorder that causes abnormal skeletal changes characterized by generalized reduction in bone density (bone softening) in adults and pseudofractures (apparant on x-ray) with muscular weakness and bone tenderness.
Bones have the normal amount of living collagen tissue that make up their structure but lack adequate calcium and phosphorus minerals that are required for strength.
Blood studies show the level of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which maintains calcium and phosphorus balance in the body, and the enzyme bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), which breaks down bone, are elevated while calcium and phosphorus are decreased. Bone biopsy gives the definitive diagnosis.
Q: How do bones get soft?
A:Bones get soft because the normal process of depositing minerals in bone tissue is defective. Bone is continually being remodelled. This is the normal process of breaking down small areas of weak or fractured bone and replacing with healthy bone. The unique cells that break down or dissolve damaged bone are called osteoclasts and cells that build new bone in its place are osteoblasts.
In the condition of osteomalacia, there is not adequate calcium and phosphorus to strengthen new bone made by the osteoblasts and this is the result of inadequate vitamin D. The result is soft bones and weak muscles that worsen as the condition progresses.
The main causes of vitamin D deficiency include malabsorption, poor diet, lack of sunshine, and disorders of vitamin D metabolism.Osteomalacia can also be a feature of systemic disorders such as hyperparathyroidism, partial gastrectomy, pancreatic disease, kidney disease, biliary disease and inflammatory bowel disease. Osteomalacia may be induced by tumors and drugs such as bisphosphonates and certain anti-seizure medications.
What Is Osteomalacia In Celiac Disease and/or Gluten Sensitivity?
[dropcap]H[/dropcap]ypocalcemia, or low plasma calcium, means the level of calcium in blood is too low to meet metabolic needs of the body for calcium.
Low blood calcium is characterized by bone and tooth demineralization (loss of calcium causing weak teeth and fragile bones), and these impaired functions: nerve conduction, muscle contraction, blood clotting, blood pressure regulation, glycogen to glucose conversion, many hormone actions, many enzyme activities, and acetylcholine production.
Q: Where is calcium found in the body?
A: Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body, with 99% residing in bones and teeth where it constitutes 40% of skeletal bone weight along with 45% phosphorus. As a component of bone (hard tissue), calcium fulfills a structural role to maintain body size and act as attachments for musculoskeletal tissues. The remaining 1% of calcium is present in blood and soft tissues.
Calcium levels in the blood are maintained within very strict limits by dietary intake, hormonal regulation by the parathyroid gland and a rapidly exchangeable pool in bone tissue.
What Is Hypocalcemia In Celiac Disease and/or Gluten Sensitivity?
Abnormally low amount of calcium in the urine, indicating low urinary calcium excretion which is an early renal compensatory mechanism in hypocalcemia.
A parathyroid disorder resulting from calcium deficiency that is characterized by excessive levels of parathyroid hormone causing bone loss. It is an complication of celiac disease. Click for full description.
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What Are Dental Enamel Defects?![Enamel_celiac[1]](https://glutenfreeworks.com/health/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/Enamel_celiac1.jpg)
