Enlarged heart showing dilated cardiomyopathy at autopsy.
What Is Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
[dropcap]I[/dropcap]diopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM) is a disorder of myocardial (heart muscle) function characterized by dilation or enlargement of the cardiac chambers and reduction in the ability of the ventricles (lower chambers) to contract with the required force needed to pump blood out of the heart to the body.
Idiopathic means the cause is not known.
Q: What is the prognosis for idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy?
A: This disorder often results in symptomatic heart failure due to the inability of the heart to pump blood as required to supply the body with oxygen and meet metabolic needs.
What Is Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy In Celiac Disease and/or Gluten Sensitivity?
[dropcap]I[/dropcap]ron deficiency anemia is a blood cell disorder that is characterized by formation of small, pale red blood cells, causing tissue hypoxia. Hypoxia is the inability to meet the demands of the body for oxygen.
Q: Why do small, pale red blood cells cause tissue hypoxia?
A: Small, pale red blood cells (erythrocytes) cause tissue hypoxia because they are not able, as do normal erythrocytes, to pick up adequate oxygen from the lungs and carry it to cells that use oxygen.
Red blood cell production and function are dependent on a sufficient level of iron in the body and also the ability to use available iron to make hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Hemoglobin is a protein that binds oxygen in red blood cells to be carried by the bloodstream to cells throughout the body. In iron deficiency anemia, hemoglobin in females is below 12.5g/dl (normal range is 12.5 to 16g/dl) and in males it is below 13.5g/dl (normal range is 13.5 to 17.5g/dl).
Iron must be obtained from the diet, since the body cannot make it, but there are various factors that can interfere with absorption and use in the body, causing anemia. Iron absorption from the gut first requires ionization, or gaining a positive electrical charge, in the strongly acidic environment of stomach juice. Ionized iron, only, can be absorbed in the duodenum, which receives the acidic contents of the stomach before it is neutralized further along.
Dietary iron can be heme or non-heme depending on the food source. Heme iron obtained only from animal food sources is absorbed into the bloodstream by active transport across the brush border (microvilli) which cover the multitudinous villi of the small intestinal lining.
Non-heme iron obtained from plants must bind with apoprotein after entering the enterocyte (surface cell of small intestinal lining) to be ferried to the underlying basolateral membrane and exited by active transport into the bloodstream.
Frequently, chronic anemia due to iron deficiency is accompanied by increased platelets, and this thrombocytosis resolves with iron repletion (normal iron level). Conversely, in severe iron deficiency anemia, patients may have thrombocytopenia (low platelets), which also resolves with iron therapy.1
What Is Iron Deficiency Anemia In Celiac Disease and/or Gluten Sensitivity?
Sources:
Koury M and Rhodes M. How to approach chronic anemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2012;2012:183-90. doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2012.1.183. [↩]
What Is Severe Iron Deficiency Anemia In Pregnancy?
[dropcap]S[/dropcap]evere iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy is characterized by abnormal formation of small, pale red blood cells that impair the ability of the fetus to obtain adequate oxygen for proper growth and development and imperil its life and cause the mother extreme fatigue with increased risk of infection.
Q: Why does this anemia imperil the fetus and cause the mother extreme fatigue with increased risk of infection?
A: Severe iron deficiency anemia significantly impedes the ability of the mother’s blood to carry sufficient oxygen for both her needs and the unborn baby’s needs. In this anemia the blood cells do not have adequate hemoglobin which functions to carry oxygen from the mother’s lungs to her body. Of course, the fetus gets its oxygen only from the mother’s blood.
Red blood cell production and function are dependent on a sufficient level of iron in the body and also the ability to use iron to make hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Hemoglobin is a protein that binds oxygen in red blood cells to be carried by the bloodstream to cells throughout the body. In iron deficiency anemia, hemoglobin in females is below 12.5g/dl (normal range is 12.5g/dl to 16g/dl ).
What Is Severe Iron Deficiency Anemia In Pregnancy In Celiac Disease and/or Gluten Sensitivity?
[dropcap]L[/dropcap]aryngospasm is an acute disorder of the larynx that is characterized by life-threatening spasms of the muscles of the larynx located in the throat.
Laryngospasm is a rare feature of hypocalcemia (low blood calcium level) characterized by severe alteration in nerve conduction and muscle contraction.
What Is Laryngospasm In Celiac Disease and/or Gluten Sensitivity?
A cardiac disorder of myocardial (heart muscle) function characterized by dilation of the cardiac chambers and reduction in the ability of the ventricles (lower chambers) to contract often resulting in symptomatic heart failure.
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