{"id":876,"date":"2016-11-14T14:02:14","date_gmt":"2016-11-14T19:02:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mynutriguide.com\/?p=876"},"modified":"2020-07-11T10:38:17","modified_gmt":"2020-07-11T14:38:17","slug":"obstetrical-complications-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/obstetrical-complications-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Obstetrical Complications"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_7296\" style=\"width: 280px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/Caesarian_section_-_Pull_out.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7296\" class=\" wp-image-7296 \" style=\"margin-left: 5px;margin-right: 5px\" src=\"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/Caesarian_section_-_Pull_out-300x227.jpg\" alt=\"Inefficient Labor May Necessitate Ceasarian Section to Save the Baby.\" width=\"270\" height=\"204\" srcset=\"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/Caesarian_section_-_Pull_out-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/Caesarian_section_-_Pull_out-1024x777.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/Caesarian_section_-_Pull_out.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-7296\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inefficient Labor May Necessitate Ceasarian Section to Save the Baby. <em>Courtesy Wikipedia.org<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<h2>What Are Obstetrical Complications?<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"dropcap\">O<\/span>bstetrical complications are reproductive disorders during pregnancy, labor and delivery that endanger the mother and unborn infant.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Complications may\u00a0result from prolonged constipation, malnutriton, hormonal imbalance, infection, systemic disease such as diabetes, obesity, tumors of the uterus, medication adverse effects, drug abuse, smoking, and alcohol abuse.<\/p>\n<h2>What Are Obstetrical Complications In Celiac Disease and\/or Gluten Sensitivity?<\/h2>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_check red\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Relationship between obstetrical complications and celiac disease.<\/strong> Obstetrical complications are a maternal symptom of celiac disease, a complication of celiac disease, and an associated disorder that can be the presenting feature of untreated celiac disease.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Relationship between obstetrical complications and risk to fetus.\u00a0<\/strong>Although the acute presentation of celiac disease in pregnancy is concerning for the mother&#8217;s sake, of more concern is the risk of spontaneous abortion and intrauterine growth retardation of undiagnosed, and therefore untreated celiac disease.<a href=\"#footnote_1_876\" id=\"identifier_1_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Mitchell RMS, Robinson TJ. Celiac disease in pregnancy &ndash; not always a relapse. Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. Aug 2003:82(8);777, 1p.\">1<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Relationship between obstetrical complications and missed diagnosis.\u00a0<\/strong>Because the early diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease is possible and not very costly, celiac disease must be seriously considered in the preconceptional screening and treatment of patients with reproductive disorders.<a href=\"#footnote_2_876\" id=\"identifier_2_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Rostami K, Steegers EA, Wong WY, Braat DD, Steegers-Theunissen RP. Coeliac disease and reproductive disorders: a neglected association. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive BiologyJun 2001;96(2):156-9.\">2<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><strong>Relationship between obstetrical complications and gluten.\u00a0<\/strong><\/strong>In vitro studies (laboratory) have provided two main pathogenic models of placental damage at the feto-maternal interface. \u00a0These are not yet proven.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet red\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">On the embryonic side of the placenta (baby side), a direct binding of anti-transglutaminase (-TG) antibodies to trophoblast cells that nourish the beginning baby damages them, which causes their death and results in miscarriage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet red\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Anti-TG antibodies may also be detrimental to endometrial angiogenesis (blood vessel formation) as shown in vitro in human endometrial endothelial cells (surface cells of the uterus). The angiogenesis inhibition seems to be the final effect of damage in surface cells of the endometrium caused by\u00a0anti-TG antibodies.<a href=\"#footnote_3_876\" id=\"identifier_3_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, Fattorossi A, De Spirito M, Gasbarrini A, Scambia G, Di Simone N. Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms. Hum Reprod Update. 2014 Jul-Aug;20(4):582-93. doi: 10.1093\/humupd\/dmu007.\">3<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><div class=\"box shadow\"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"tieicon-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\tUntil birth, the placenta provides the fetus with nutrients and acts as its lungs, kidneys, liver, and endocrine system (hormones), and it is essential for its immune defense. It is the platform for life.<a href=\"#footnote_4_876\" id=\"identifier_4_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"NIH MedlinePlus. The Mystery and Miracle of the placenta. Fall 1916. P21.\">4<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The placenta influences not just the health of a mother and her baby during pregnancy, but also the lifelong health of both.<a href=\"#footnote_5_876\" id=\"identifier_5_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Spong Catherine, MD, acting director of NICHD. NIH MedlinePlus. The Mystery and Miracle of the placenta. Fall 1916. P21.\">5<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<h2>How Prevalent Are Obstetrical Complications In Celiac Disease and\/or Gluten Sensitivity?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet black\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Obstetrical complications have increased frequency in women with untreated celiac disease.<a href=\"#footnote_6_876\" id=\"identifier_6_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Rostami K, Steegers EA, Wong WY, Braat DD, Steegers-Theunissen RP. Coeliac disease and reproductive disorders: a neglected association. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. Jun 2001;96(2):156-9.\">6<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Patients with recurrent miscarriage, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), low birth weight (LBW) and preterm delivery were found to have a significantly higher risk of celiac disease than the general population. In addition, researchers observed that the risk for IUGR, LBW and preterm delivery was significantly higher in untreated patients than in treated patients. The OR for celiac disease was 5.06 (95% CI 2.13-11.35) in patients experiencing recurrent miscarriage and 8.73 (95% CI 3.23-23.58) in patients with IUGR. \u00a0However, the increased risk is significantly reduced by a gluten-free diet.<a href=\"#footnote_7_876\" id=\"identifier_7_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, Fattorossi A, De Spirito M, Gasbarrini A, Scambia G, Di Simone N. Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms. Hum Reprod Update. 2014 Jul-Aug;20(4):582-93. doi: 10.1093\/humupd\/dmu007.\">7<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Nutritional deficiencies that cause obstetrical complications are common before treatment with gluten free diet.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Regarding frequency of nutritional deficiencies causing obstretrical complication, a 2013 study evaluating the nutritional status of 80\u00a0Dutch patients with newly diagnosed celiac disease showed\u00a087% to have at least one nutrient deficit. Of these patients,\u00a07.5% showed deficient levels of\u00a0vitamin A, 20% for\u00a0folic acid, 67%\u00a0for zinc deficiency, 46% had decreased iron storage, and 32% had anemia.<a href=\"#footnote_8_876\" id=\"identifier_8_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Wierdsma NJ, van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren MA, Berkenpas M, Mulder CJ, van Bodegraven AA. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are highly prevalent in newly diagnosed celiac disease patients. Nutrients. 2013 Sep 30;5(10):3975-92. doi: 10.3390\/nu5103975.\">8<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>What Are The Symptoms Of Obstetrical Complications?<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Obstetrical complications are marked by the occurence of any of these conditions:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet red\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Abnormally short or prolonged gestations. Term babies include babies born between 37 and 40 weeks gestation. However, research shows that babies born at 39 weeks or 40 weeks are healthier than babies born at 37 or 38 weeks.<a href=\"#footnote_9_876\" id=\"identifier_9_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Spong Catherine, MD, acting director of NICHD. NIH MedlinePlus. The Mystery and Miracle of the placenta. Fall 1916. P 22.\">9<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Inefficient labor with dystocia (difficult labor) due to uncoordinated muscle action of the uterus.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Atonic bleeding of the uterus due to failure of weak or fatigued uterine muscles to properly contract which normally stops bleeding.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Maternal morbidity (illness), especially infection and pre-eclampsia.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Increased risks to the unborn such as prematurity, postmaturity, and perinatal death.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>How Do Obstetrical Complications Develop In Celiac Disease and\/or Gluten Sensitivity?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"cp_check red\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Complications may be caused by the direct effect of nutritional deficiencies including iron, folate, zinc, vitamin A, and vitamin D.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"cp_check red\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Complications may also be a consequence of the endocrine derangements caused by selective nutrient deficiencies.<a href=\"#footnote_10_876\" id=\"identifier_10_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Rostami K, Steegers EA, Wong WY, Braat DD, Steegers-Theunissen RP. Coeliac disease and reproductive disorders: a neglected association.&nbsp;European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. Jun 2001;96(2):156-9.\">10<\/a>\u00a0These include protein, zinc, vitamin D, folic acid, and iron.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"cp_check red\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Zinc plays an essential role in the development of a baby in utero and in the health of the mother. \u00a0Zinc proteins have been shown to be involved in the transcription and translation of genetic material.\u00a0Zinc deficiency has been incriminated in fetal malformations, fetal death, and abnormal deliveries with dystocia and placental ablation. Zinc therapy in patients with low zinc has reduced the frequencies of premature birth, placental ablation, perinatal death, and postmaturity.\u00a0It is suggested that these data are compatible with the presence of zinc-deficiency syndrome in pregnancy which includes increased maternal morbidity, abnormal taste sensations, abnormally short or prolonged gestations, inefficient labor, atonic bleeding, and increased risks to the fetus.<a href=\"#footnote_11_876\" id=\"identifier_11_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Jameson S. Zinc status in pregnancy: the effect of zinc therapy on perinatal mortality, prematurity, and placental ablation.&nbsp;Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Mar 15, 1993;678:178-92.\">11<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"cp_check red\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and small for gestational age infants. Pregnant women with low 25-OHD levels had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis and lower birth weight infants.<a href=\"#footnote_12_876\" id=\"identifier_12_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Aghajafari F, Nagulesapillai T, Ronksley PE, Tough SC, O&rsquo;Beirne M, Rabi DM. Association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.&nbsp;BMJ. 2013 Mar 26;346:f1169. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.f1169.\">12<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"cp_check red\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">It is proposed that the direct effect of anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies on placenta cells of the fetus and on surface cells of the mother&#8217;s uterus results in miscarriage.<a href=\"#footnote_3_876\" id=\"identifier_13_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, Fattorossi A, De Spirito M, Gasbarrini A, Scambia G, Di Simone N. Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms. Hum Reprod Update. 2014 Jul-Aug;20(4):582-93. doi: 10.1093\/humupd\/dmu007.\">3<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Do Obstetrical Complications Respond To Gluten-Free Diet?<\/h2>\n<p>Yes. Obsterical complications can be prevented and some can be corrected on gluten free diet.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Because the increased risk is significantly reduced by a gluten-free diet, these patients should be made aware of the potential negative effects of active celiac disease in terms of reproductive performances, and of the importance of a strict diet to improve their health condition and reproductive health.<a href=\"#footnote_7_876\" id=\"identifier_14_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, Fattorossi A, De Spirito M, Gasbarrini A, Scambia G, Di Simone N. Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms. Hum Reprod Update. 2014 Jul-Aug;20(4):582-93. doi: 10.1093\/humupd\/dmu007.\">7<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>6 Steps To Improve\u00a0Obstetrical Complications In Celiac Disease and\/or Gluten Sensitivity:<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"cp_check green\">\n<li><em><span style=\"color: #800000\"><span class=\"dropcap\"><strong>1<\/strong><\/span><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #800000\">Remove the Trigger. Maintain a Strict, Nutritious Gluten Free Diet:<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><div class=\"box shadow\"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"tieicon-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t<b>Treatment<\/b>. This condition responds to the complete elimination of gluten, which is the required treatment that improves both obstetrical and gut health.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet green\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>Gut health is the foundation to restore ALL health. Restored health will enable you to maintain a strict gluten free diet, just as other life tasks will be easier.<\/li>\n<li>A strict gluten free diet means removing 100% of wheat, barley, rye and oats from the diet.<\/li>\n<li>Cutting out bread and other obvious sources of gluten is not good enough for recovery. Even 1\/8th teaspoon of flour or bread crumb is enough to sustain the inflammation that is damaging your small intestine, causing increased permeability (leaky gut) and allowing undigested gluten to enter your body where it can damage structures and function, and instigate immune inflammatory responses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Correct Your Individual Nutritional Needs.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet green\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>Eat foods that can replenish missing nutrients. Find them under\u00a0NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES.<\/li>\n<li>Take nutritional supplements as needed.\u00a0Find them under\u00a0NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Recovery<\/strong>. You should begin to feel better within a week and notice more energy as inflammation subsides and the \u00a0absorbing cells that make up the surface lining of your small intestine are better able to function.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet green\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>Intestinal lining cells are replaced every 5 days. The healing process is like sunburn where the damaged surface layer of skin sloughs off and is replaced with new normal cells.<\/li>\n<li>Leaky gut normally resolves in two month after starting a gluten free diet and brings about a big improvement in health. Improvement in intestinal permeability precedes morphometric recovery (cell appearance and structure) of the small intestine in celiac disease.<a href=\"#footnote_13_876\" id=\"identifier_15_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Cummins AG, Thompson FM, Butler RN, et al. Improvement in intestinal permeability precedes morphometric recovery of the small intestine in coeliac disease.&nbsp;Clinical Science. Apr 2001;100(4):379-86.\">13<\/a><\/li>\n<li>The intestinal lining may take up to a year to heal.\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"cp_check green\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><em><span style=\"color: #800000\"><span class=\"dropcap\"><strong>2<\/strong><\/span><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #800000\">\u00a0Reduce Inflammation. Foods to Eat and Foods Not to Eat:<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Because gluten is inflammatory, eliminate OTHER inflammatory foods from your diet to reduce an additive effect to gluten. At the same time, try to eat foods that reduce inflammation (anti-inflammatory).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><div class=\"box shadow\"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"tieicon-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t<strong>Here Are Major Inflammatory Food Types That Reduce Healing<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet red\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><strong>Damaging Foods<\/strong>. In susceptible persons, includes corn, dairy (cow), and soy. Lactose, the sugar in any animal milk disrupts intestinal permeability causing leaky gut.<a href=\"#footnote_14_876\" id=\"identifier_16_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Farhadi A, Banan A, Fields J, Keshavarzian A. Intestinal barrier: an interface between health and disease.&nbsp;Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2003;18:479-91.\">14<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Allergenic Foods<\/strong>. Includes foods that trigger the immune sytem to produce IgE antibodies. Allergy testing is the usual way to discover these offending foods.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Shelf Stable Processed Foods.\u00a0<\/strong>Includes any that contain additives and preservatives. Look for them on the nutrition label of the box or package. Additives and preservatives also disrupt intestinal permeability causing leaky gut.<a href=\"#footnote_14_876\" id=\"identifier_17_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Farhadi A, Banan A, Fields J, Keshavarzian A. Intestinal barrier: an interface between health and disease.&nbsp;Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2003;18:479-91.\">14<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Fats.<\/strong>\u00a0Limit deep fried foods, trans-fats, saturated fats (animal fat\/butter), and EXCESSIVE omega-6 fatty acid oils like corn oil. Rancid fats, sodium caprate (a medium chain fat), and sucrose monester fatty acid (a food grade surfactant) induce significant disruption of the intestinal barrier that causes leaky gut.<a href=\"#footnote_14_876\" id=\"identifier_18_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Farhadi A, Banan A, Fields J, Keshavarzian A. Intestinal barrier: an interface between health and disease.&nbsp;Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2003;18:479-91.\">14<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Excessive Refined White Flours\u00a0<\/strong>(bran layer removed)<strong>.\u00a0<\/strong>Includes\u00a0products made from them such as cookies, bread, cakes, pies.\u00a0Bran contains the vitamins and minerals that metabolize grains and slows the otherwise rapid entry of sugar from their digestion into the bloodstream.\u00a0Also disrupt intestinal permeability causing leaky gut.<a href=\"#footnote_14_876\" id=\"identifier_19_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Farhadi A, Banan A, Fields J, Keshavarzian A. Intestinal barrier: an interface between health and disease.&nbsp;Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2003;18:479-91.\">14<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Refined Sugars.\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0Includes white sugar, corn fructose and high fructose corn syrup.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Certain Spices<\/strong>. Includes paprika and cayenne pepper which disrupt intestinal permeability causing leaky gut.<a href=\"#footnote_14_876\" id=\"identifier_20_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Farhadi A, Banan A, Fields J, Keshavarzian A. Intestinal barrier: an interface between health and disease.&nbsp;Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2003;18:479-91.\">14<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Alcohol and Caffeine<\/strong>. Disrupt intestinal permeability causing leaky gut.<a href=\"#footnote_14_876\" id=\"identifier_21_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Farhadi A, Banan A, Fields J, Keshavarzian A. Intestinal barrier: an interface between health and disease.&nbsp;Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2003;18:479-91.\">14<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><div class=\"box shadow\"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"tieicon-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t<strong>Here Are Important Anti-Inflammatory Food Types to Promote Health<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet green\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><strong>Fruits<\/strong>.\u00a0Contain ample amounts of vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals which are\u00a0naturally occuring components in plants that detoxify toxins, carcinogens (reducing the risk by 50%) and mutagens.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Non-Starchy Vegetables.<\/strong>\u00a0Support intestinal integrity and provide ample amounts of vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals. Includes lettuce, kale, onion, broccoli, garlic, and others.<\/li>\n<li><strong>High Quality Complex Carbohydrates<\/strong>. Provide vitamins, minerals, and fiber while boosting serotonin levels to help you relax and feel calm. Includes whole grains, legumes, and root vegetables such as carrots, parsnips, sweet potatoes, turnips, red beets, and others.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Antioxidants<\/strong>. Protect the body from inflammatory oxidant molecules that continually occur and\u00a0help us handle stress and reduce irritability. Includes vitamin C-containing foods such as lemon, grapefruit, apricot, Brussels sprouts and strawberries, and others. Also, includes vitamin E-containing foods such as\u00a0nuts, seeds, avocado, olive oil, and others. Cocoa is good, too.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Omega-3 Fatty Acids<\/strong>. Balance opposing omega-6 fatty acids and bad fats. Fish sources includes tuna, salmon, cod, and others. Plants sources include flax, chia seeds, canola oil, and others.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Probiotics.\u00a0<\/strong>Supply normal microbes needed for colon health and health of the body such as these fermented foods: yogurt, kefir, and unpasteurized apple cider vinegar.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Prebiotics\/ High Fiber Foods<\/strong>. \u00a0Food with fiber keeps our population of colonic microbes healthy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Protective Herbs and Spices<\/strong>. \u00a0See below #6 below for examples.\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"cp_check green\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><em><span style=\"color: #800000\"><strong><span class=\"dropcap\">3<\/span>\u00a0Information Sheet You Can Take to Your Doctor or Other Health Professional:<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Click here.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_check green\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #800000\"><strong><em><span class=\"dropcap\">4<\/span>\u00a0Manage Your Medications\u00a0Safely<\/em>:<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><div class=\"box shadow\"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"tieicon-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Certain medications cause deficiencies of protein, iron, \u00a0zinc, folate, vitamin A, and vitamin D that can cause obstetrical complications. Ask your doctor or pharmacist about this possible adverse effect if you are taking any of the drugs listed below.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0<strong>ANTACIDS \/ ULCER MEDICATIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet blue\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>Pepcid\u00ae, Tagamet\u00ae, Zantac\u00ae deplete Folic Acid, Iron, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Zinc.<\/li>\n<li>Magnesium and Aluminum Antacid preparations (Gaviscon\u00ae, Maalox\u00ae, Mylanta\u00ae) deplete\u00a0Folic Acid, Iron, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Zinc.<\/li>\n<li>Alka Seltzer\u00ae, Baking Soda deplete\u00a0Folic Acid, Proteins.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>ANTIBIOTICS\u00a0<\/strong>disrupt intestinal permeability which complicates celiac disease.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet blue\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>Gentomycin, Neomycin, Streptomycin, Cephalosporins, Penicillins\u00a0deplete\u00a0B Vitamins.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Tetracyclines deplete Iron, Zinc.<\/li>\n<li>Cipro depletes Zinc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>ANTI-INFLAMMATORIES<\/strong>\u00a0disrupt intestinal permeability which complicates celiac disease.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet blue\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>Corticosteroids (Prednisone, Medrol\u00ae, Aristocort\u00ae, Decadron) deplete Vitamin D, Zinc, Vitamin C, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Folic Acid.<\/li>\n<li>NSAIDS (Motrin\u00ae, Aleve\u00ae, Advil\u00ae, Anaprox\u00ae, Dolobid\u00ae, Feldene\u00ae, Naprosyn\u00ae and others) deplete\u00a0Folic acid.<\/li>\n<li>Aspirin and Salicylates deplete Folic acid, Iron.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>ANTICONVULSANTS<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet blue\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>Phenobarbital and Barbituates; and Dilantin\u00ae, Tegretol\u00ae, Mysoline\u00ae, Depakane\/Depacon\u00ae deplete Vitamin D, Folic Acid, Zinc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>ANTIVIRAL AGENTS<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet blue\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>Zidovudine (Retrovir\u00ae, AZT and other related drugs) deplete Zinc..<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet blue\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>Antihypertensives (Catapres\u00ae, Aldomet) deplete Zinc.<\/li>\n<li>ACE Inhibitors\u00a0<em>(Capoten<em>\u00ae<\/em>, Vasotec\u00ae, Monopril\u00ae and others)<\/em>\u00a0deplete Zinc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>CHOLESTEROL DRUGS<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet blue\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>Colestid\u00ae and Questran\u00ae deplete Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Folic Acid, Iron.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>DIABETIC DRUGS\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet blue\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>Metformin\u00ae depletes\u00a0Folic acid.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>DIURETICS<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet blue\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>Thiazide Diuretics (Hydrochlorothiazide, Enduron\u00ae, Diuril\u00ae, Lozol\u00ae, Zaroxolyn\u00ae, Hygroton\u00ae and others) deplete Zinc.<\/li>\n<li>Loop Diuretics (Lasix\u00ae, Bumex\u00ae, Edecrin\u00ae) depletes Zinc.<\/li>\n<li>Potassium Sparing Diuretics (Midamor\u00ae, Aldactone\u00ae, Dyrenium\u00ae and others) deplete Folic Acid, Zinc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>FEMALE HORMONES<\/strong>\u00a0disrupt intestinal permeability which complicate celiac disease.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet blue\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>Oral Contraceptives (Norinyl\u00ae, Ortho-Novum\u00ae, Triphasil\u00ae, and others) deplete Folic Acid, Zinc.<\/li>\n<li>Oral Estrogen\/Hormone Replacement (Evista\u00ae, Prempro\u00ae, Premarin\u00ae, Estratab\u00ae and others) deplete Folic Acid, Zinc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>WEIGHT LOSS DRUGS THAT BIND FAT\u00a0<\/strong>also interfere with absorption of some nutrients.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet blue\">\n<li>Zenicol (Orlistat\u00ae) depletes Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Beta-carotene.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_check green\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><em><span style=\"color: #800000\"><strong><span class=\"dropcap\">5<\/span>Nutritional Supplements To Help Correct Deficiencies:<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><div class=\"box shadow\"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"tieicon-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The type and quantity of nutritional supplements that may be needed depend on which nutrients are deficient.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet orange\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>Pre-natal multivitamin\/mineral combination once a day as prescribed to improve overall nutrient levels. This is a safe dose, but always check with your doctor to avoid interactions with medications.<\/li>\n<li>Vitamin D3 as prescribed only following blood test for status.<\/li>\n<li>Vitamin A as prescribed only following blood test for status.<\/li>\n<li>Chelated zinc as prescribed only following blood test for status, but do not take at same time as calcium because they compete for absorption.<\/li>\n<li>Ferrous fumarate or gluconate\u00a0only following blood test for status\u00a0as prescribed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Storage Note<\/strong>:\u00a0<em>Store container tightly sealed, away from heat, moisture and direct light to avoid loss of potency. That is, in a safe kitchen cabinet &#8211; not in the bathroom or on the kitchen table<\/em>.\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<ul class=\"cp_check green\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #800000\"><em><strong><span class=\"dropcap\">6<\/span>Manage Natural Remedies:\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><div class=\"box shadow\"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"tieicon-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t<strong>Hydration<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet green\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>Eight glasses of water are recommended per day unless there is a contraindication such as kidney or heart disease. The Institute of Medicine recommends approximately 2.7 liters (91 ounces) of total water, from all beverages and foods, each day for women and 3.7 liters (125 ounces) daily of total water for men.<\/li>\n<li>If you are thirsty, drink water. Add fresh, squeezed lemon to water. Lemon is anti-inflammatory, alkalizing and provides vitamin C.<\/li>\n<li>Hydration Test: Urine should be pale yellow. Fingertips should be plump, without pruning but this may not be reliable when fingers are swollen with edema. Lips should be plump, without puckering. The feeling of thirst can be unreliable.<\/li>\n<li>What is wrong with soda, coffee, tea, and alcohol? These drinks are dehydrating, increase acid, and deplete nutrients.\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><div class=\"box shadow\"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"tieicon-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t<strong>Carminatives.\u00a0<\/strong>The following \u00a0anti-inflammatory\u00a0plant sources called carminitives help heal the digestive tract. They also tone the digestive muscles which improves peristalsis, thus aiding in the expulsion of gas from the stomach and intestine to relieve digestive colic and gastric discomfort.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Carminative Food Remedies<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet green\" style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>Raspberry.<\/li>\n<li>Carrot is also a cleansing digestive tonic.<\/li>\n<li>Grape is also bile stimulating and a cleansing remedy for sluggish digestion and laxative.<\/li>\n<li>Redbeets also stimulate and improve digestion and are easily digested.<\/li>\n<li>Cabbage also stimulates and improves digestion and is also a liver decongestant.<\/li>\n<li>Lettuce also stimulates and improves digestion and is also an alterative, meaning it improves the function of organs involved with the digestion and excretion of waste products to bring about a gradual change.<\/li>\n<li>Potatoes are antispasmodic (due to atropine like properties) and a liver remedy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Carminative Herb Remedies:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet green\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Sage is also a digestive, astringent, bile stimulant and energy tonic that heals the mucosa. \u00a0Drink as tea or use in cooking.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Chamomile, lemon balm, and fennel, (as a tea) also help relieve nervous tension.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Parsley also relieves indigestion.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Rosemary as a tea and in cooking also is a nervous system tonic for stress and fatigue, bile stimulant, and can relieve headaches and indigestion.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Thyme is also soothing remedy useful for stimulating digestion of rich, fatty foods.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Carminative Spice Remedies:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet green\">\n<li>Cloves are also antispasmodic.<\/li>\n<li>Nutmeg is also useful for indigestion.<\/li>\n<li>Ginger.\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"box shadow\"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"tieicon-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t<strong>Exercise Helps<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>Exercise improves circulation and rids the body of toxins.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet green\">\n<li>Walking is aerobic exercise that reconditions the whole body to improve stamina.\u00a0Read more about<a href=\"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/2014\/07\/08\/fitness-guide\/\">\u00a0Exercise and Fitness<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Weight training builds muscle.\u00a0Read more about\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/2014\/07\/08\/fitness-guide\/\">Exercise and Fitness<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Stretching improves flexibilty.\u00a0Read more about\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/2014\/07\/08\/fitness-guide\/\">Exercise and Fitness<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Note<\/strong>: Exercise is important, but the amount and type of exercise undertaken depends on your health. Your first priority is to heal. \n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<h2>What Do Medical Research Studies Tell About Obstetrical Complications\u00a0In Celiac Disease and\/or Gluten Sensitivity?<\/h2>\n<h4><strong>RESEARCH STUDY SUMMARIES<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u201cCeliac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms.\u201d<\/strong> This study, which was undertaken to better define the risk of celiac disease in patients with reproductive disorders, as well as, the risk in known celiac disease patients of developing obstetric complications found that patients with recurrent miscarriage or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) were found to have a significantly higher risk of celiac disease than the general population.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">An extensive literature search of Medline and Embase databases was performed. Odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used in order to combine data from case-control and cohort studies, respectively.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The OR for celiac disease was \u00a05.82 (95% CI 2.30-14.74) in women experiencing recurrent miscarriage and 8.73 (95% CI 3.23-23.58) in patients with IUGR.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Furthermore, researchers found that in celiac patients, the risk of miscarriage, IUGR, low birth weight (LBW) and preterm delivery is significantly higher with an RR of 1.39 (95% CI 1.15-1.67), 1.54 (95% CI 1.22-1.95), 1.75 (95% CI 1.23-2.49) and 1.37 (95% CI 1.19-1.57), respectively. In addition, they observed that the risk for IUGR, LBW and preterm delivery was significantly higher in untreated patients than in treated patients. However, the increased risk is significantly reduced by a gluten-free diet. These patients should therefore be made aware of the potential negative effects of active celiac disease also in terms of reproductive performances, and of the importance of a strict diet to ameliorate their health condition and reproductive health.<a href=\"#footnote_15_876\" id=\"identifier_22_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, Fattorossi A, De Spirito M, Gasbarrini A, Scambia G, Di Simone N. Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms. Hum Reprod Update. 2014 Jul-Aug;20(4):582-93. doi: 10.1093\/humupd\/dmu007.\">15<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">&#8220;<strong>Association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies<\/strong>.&#8221;\u00a0This study designed to assess the effect of vitamin D (25-OHD) levels on pregnancy outcomes and birth variables found Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and small for gestational age infants. Pregnant women with low 25-OHD levels had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis and lower birth weight infants, but not delivery by caesarean section.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Two authors independently extracted data from 3357 original research articles. Researchers pooled the most adjusted odds ratios and weighted mean differences. 31 eligible studies were included in the final analysis.<a href=\"#footnote_16_876\" id=\"identifier_23_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Aghajafari F, Nagulesapillai T, Ronksley PE, Tough SC, O&rsquo;Beirne M, Rabi DM. Association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ. 2013 Mar 26;346:f1169. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.f1169.\">16<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><b>\u201cVitamin and mineral deficiencies are highly prevalent in newly diagnosed celiac disease patients.\u201d<\/b> This study aiming to assess the nutritional and vitamin\/mineral status of current &#8220;early diagnosed&#8221; untreated adult CD-patients in the Netherlands found that vitamin\/mineral deficiencies are still common in newly &#8220;early diagnosed&#8221; CD-patients, even though the prevalence of obesity at initial diagnosis is rising.. Eighty newly diagnosed adult CD-patients were included and a comparable sample of 24 healthy Dutch subjects was added to compare vitamin concentrations.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Nutritional status and serum concentrations of folic acid,\u00a0vitamin A, B\u2086, B\u2081\u2082, and (25-hydroxy) D, zinc, haemoglobin (Hb) and ferritin were determined \u00a0(before prescribing gluten free diet). Almost all CD-patients (87%) had at least one value below the lower limit of reference. Specifically, for\u00a0vitamin A, 7.5% of patients showed deficient levels, for vitamin B\u2086 14.5%, folic acid 20%, and vitamin B\u2081\u2082 19%. Likewise, zinc deficiency was observed in 67% of the CD-patients, 46% had decreased iron storage, and 32% had anaemia. Overall, 17% were malnourished (&gt;10% undesired weight loss), 22% of the women were underweight (Body Mass Index (BMI) &lt; 18.5), and 29% of the patients were overweight (BMI &gt; 25). Vitamin deficiencies were barely seen in healthy controls, with the exception of vitamin B\u2081\u2082. Vitamin\/mineral deficiencies were counter-intuitively not associated with a (higher) grade of histological intestinal damage or (impaired) nutritional status. Extensive nutritional assessments seem warranted to guide nutritional advices and follow-up in celiac disease treatment.<a href=\"#footnote_8_876\" id=\"identifier_24_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Wierdsma NJ, van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren MA, Berkenpas M, Mulder CJ, van Bodegraven AA. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are highly prevalent in newly diagnosed celiac disease patients. Nutrients. 2013 Sep 30;5(10):3975-92. doi: 10.3390\/nu5103975.\">8<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">&#8220;<strong>Celiac disease and pregnancy outcome<\/strong>.&#8221;\u00a0This study designed as a case-control study and a before-after study investigated the effect of gluten-free diet on pregnancy outcome and lactation in 125 women affected with\u00a0celiac disease. It found the high incidence of abortion, of low birth weight babies, and of\u00a0short\u00a0breast-feeding\u00a0periods is effectively corrected by gluten-free diet in women with\u00a0celiac disease.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In the case-control study, comparison of 94 untreated with 31 treated\u00a0celiac\u00a0women indicated that the relative risk of abortion was 8.90 times higher the relative risk of low birth weight baby was 5.84 times higher, and\u00a0duration\u00a0of\u00a0breast feeding\u00a0was 2.54 times shorter in untreated mothers. Abortion, low birth weight of baby, and\u00a0duration\u00a0of\u00a0breast feeding\u00a0did not significantly relate to the severity of\u00a0celiac disease\u00a0among untreated women. In the before-after study, 12 pregnant\u00a0celiac\u00a0women in either treated or untreated condition were compared. Results indicated that the gluten-free diet reduced the relative risk of abortion by 9.18 times reduced the number of low birth weight babies from 29.4% down to zero, and increased\u00a0duration\u00a0of breast feeding\u00a02.38 times.<a href=\"#footnote_17_876\" id=\"identifier_25_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Ciacci C, Cirillo M, Auriemma G, Di Dato G, Sabbatini F, Mazzacca G. Celiac disease and pregnancy outcome.&nbsp;Am J Gastroenterol. 1996 Apr;91(4):718-22.\">17<\/a><\/p>\n<ol class=\"footnotes\"><li id=\"footnote_1_876\" class=\"footnote\">Mitchell RMS, Robinson TJ. Celiac disease in pregnancy &#8211; not always a relapse. <em>Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica.<\/em> Aug 2003:82(8);777, 1p.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_1_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_2_876\" class=\"footnote\">Rostami K, Steegers EA, Wong WY, Braat DD, Steegers-Theunissen RP. Coeliac disease and reproductive disorders: a neglected association. <em style=\"font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.5em\">European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology<\/em>Jun 2001;96(2):156-9.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_2_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_3_876\" class=\"footnote\">Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, Fattorossi A, De Spirito M, Gasbarrini A, Scambia G, Di Simone N. Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms. <em>Hum Reprod Update.<\/em> 2014 Jul-Aug;20(4):582-93. doi: 10.1093\/humupd\/dmu007.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_3_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_13_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_4_876\" class=\"footnote\">NIH MedlinePlus. The Mystery and Miracle of the placenta. Fall 1916. P21.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_4_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_5_876\" class=\"footnote\">Spong Catherine, MD, acting director of NICHD. NIH MedlinePlus. The Mystery and Miracle of the placenta. Fall 1916. P21.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_5_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_6_876\" class=\"footnote\">Rostami K, Steegers EA, Wong WY, Braat DD, Steegers-Theunissen RP. Coeliac disease and reproductive disorders: a neglected association. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. Jun 2001;96(2):156-9.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_6_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_7_876\" class=\"footnote\">Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, Fattorossi A, De Spirito M, Gasbarrini A, Scambia G, Di Simone N. Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms. <em>Hum Reprod Update<\/em>. 2014 Jul-Aug;20(4):582-93. doi: 10.1093\/humupd\/dmu007.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_7_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_14_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_8_876\" class=\"footnote\">Wierdsma NJ, van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren MA, Berkenpas M, Mulder CJ, van Bodegraven AA. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are highly prevalent in newly diagnosed celiac disease patients. <em>Nutrients<\/em>. 2013 Sep 30;5(10):3975-92. doi: 10.3390\/nu5103975.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_8_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_24_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_9_876\" class=\"footnote\">Spong Catherine, MD, acting director of NICHD. NIH MedlinePlus. The Mystery and Miracle of the placenta. Fall 1916. P 22.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_9_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_10_876\" class=\"footnote\">Rostami K, Steegers EA, Wong WY, Braat DD, Steegers-Theunissen RP. Coeliac disease and reproductive disorders: a neglected association.\u00a0<em>European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology<\/em>. Jun 2001;96(2):156-9.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_10_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_11_876\" class=\"footnote\">Jameson S. Zinc status in pregnancy: the effect of zinc therapy on perinatal mortality, prematurity, and placental ablation.\u00a0<em style=\"text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.5em\">Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences<\/em>. Mar 15, 1993;678:178-92.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_11_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_12_876\" class=\"footnote\">Aghajafari F, Nagulesapillai T, Ronksley PE, Tough SC, O&#8217;Beirne M, Rabi DM. 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Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms. <em>Hum Reprod Updat<\/em>e. 2014 Jul-Aug;20(4):582-93. doi: 10.1093\/humupd\/dmu007.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_22_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_16_876\" class=\"footnote\">Aghajafari F, Nagulesapillai T, Ronksley PE, Tough SC, O&#8217;Beirne M, Rabi DM. Association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. <em>BMJ<\/em>. 2013 Mar 26;346:f1169. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.f1169.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_23_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_17_876\" class=\"footnote\">Ciacci C, Cirillo M, Auriemma G, Di Dato G, Sabbatini F, Mazzacca G. Celiac disease and pregnancy outcome.\u00a0<em>Am J Gastroenterol<\/em>. 1996 Apr;91(4):718-22.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_25_876\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What Are Obstetrical Complications? Obstetrical complications are reproductive disorders during pregnancy, labor and delivery that endanger the mother and unborn infant. Complications may\u00a0result from prolonged constipation, malnutriton, hormonal imbalance, infection, systemic disease such as diabetes, obesity, tumors of the uterus, medication adverse effects, drug abuse, smoking, and alcohol abuse. What Are Obstetrical Complications In Celiac &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":7296,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,779,783,232,105,108,227,112,974,221,223,111,109],"tags":[101,116,1904,776,614,1906,1039,714,2116,1979,1648,100,1975,1930,1908,1907],"class_list":["post-876","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-health-conditions-2","category-associated-disorder","category-complications-health-conditions-2","category-fetus","category-folic-acid","category-iron","category-pregnancy-and-birth","category-protein","category-symptoms","category-female","category-uterus","category-vitamin-d","category-zinc","tag-associated-disorders","tag-complications","tag-folic-acid","tag-health-conditions","tag-intrauterine-growth-retardation","tag-iron","tag-low-birth-weight-of-newborn","tag-obstetrical-complications","tag-placenta","tag-pregnancy-and-birth","tag-preterm-delivery-short-duration-of-pregnancy","tag-symptom","tag-uterus","tag-vitamin-a","tag-vitamin-d","tag-zinc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/876","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=876"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/876\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15202,"href":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/876\/revisions\/15202"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7296"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=876"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=876"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=876"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}