{"id":3318,"date":"2014-12-21T02:08:00","date_gmt":"2014-12-21T07:08:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/health.glutenfreeworks.com\/2013\/03\/28\/vitamin-b2-riboflavin-deficiency-3\/"},"modified":"2020-07-11T10:51:48","modified_gmt":"2020-07-11T14:51:48","slug":"vitamin-b2-riboflavin-deficiency-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/vitamin-b2-riboflavin-deficiency-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Deficiency"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_9116\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/chicken-kebab-1_2161779.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9116\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9116\" src=\"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/chicken-kebab-1_2161779-300x223.jpg\" alt=\"Chicken Kabobs on the Grill...umm Riboflavin.\" width=\"300\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/chicken-kebab-1_2161779-300x223.jpg 300w, https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/chicken-kebab-1_2161779.jpg 626w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-9116\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chicken Kabobs on the Grill&#8230;umm Riboflavin.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2>What Is Riboflavin?<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"dropcap\">R<\/span>iboflavin, also called vitamin B2, is fundamentally required for the breakdown of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fats in metabolism,\u00a0enables oxygen to be used by cells, and acts as a component of more than a dozen enzymes involved in energy production and use.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Some enzymes needing riboflavin also require magnesium to properly function.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In other activities, riboflavin is required for healthy cardiovascular and nervous systems, eye health, and supports antioxidant protection.\u00a0\u00a0Functions are more fully described below.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Urinary excretion of riboflavin cannot be detected when vitamin intake is below the required levels. On the other hand, w<\/span>hen intake exceeds saturation in the body, the vitamin and\/or its metabolites are actively excreted into urine to prevent excessive toxicity of the vitamins.<a href=\"#footnote_1_3318\" id=\"identifier_1_3318\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Shibata K, Hirose J, Fukuwatari T. Relationship Between Urinary Concentrations of Nine Water-soluble Vitamins and their Vitamin Intakes in Japanese Adult Males.&nbsp;Nutr Metab Insights.&nbsp;2014 Aug 5;7:61-75. doi: 10.4137\/NMI.S17245.\">1<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">There is no specific name for riboflavin deficiency disease.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify\">What Is Riboflavin Deficiency In Celiac Disease and\/or Gluten Sensitivity?<\/h2>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_check red\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Relationship between\u00a0riboflavin deficiency and celiac disease.<\/strong> Riboflavin deficiency is a symptom of celiac disease that results when the level within cells is too \u00a0low to meet needs of the body for this vitamin which is caused by malabsorption.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Relationship between\u00a0riboflavin deficiency and features.\u00a0<\/strong>Riboflavin deficiency is characterized by impaired metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids; low energy; impaired antioxidant protection; and reduced health of the cardiovascular and nervous systems.\u00a0Deficiency first shows in tissues with rapid cellular turnover, such as skin which lines the outside of the body and mucosal cells of mucous membranes which line the inside of the body.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Relationship between\u00a0riboflavin deficiency and other nutrient deficiencies.\u00a0<\/strong>Riboflavin deficiency commonly accompanies and can cause vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency.\u00a0Frequently, riboflavin deficiencies overlap with niacin (vitamin B3), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) or iron deficiencies.<a href=\"#footnote_2_3318\" id=\"identifier_2_3318\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Kathleen Mahan and Sylvia Escott-Stump, ed. Krause&rsquo;s Food, Nutrition &amp; Diet Therapy, 10th Edition. Philadelphia, PA. USA: W.B. Saunders Company, 2000.\">2<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Relationship between\u00a0riboflavin deficiency and dysbiosis.\u00a0<\/strong>Dysbiosis (imbalance of intestinal microbes) affects 100% of persons at diagnosis of celiac disease and must be managed to restore and maintain balance. Probiotic bacteria (friendly and necessary), especially the species Lactobacillus planterum and Lactobacillus fermentum, are vigorous producers of riboflavin.<a href=\"#footnote_3_3318\" id=\"identifier_3_3318\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Lehri B, Seddon AM, and Karlyshev AV. Potential probiotic-associated traits revealed from completed high quality genome sequence of Lactobacillus fermentum 3872. Stand Genomic Sci. 2017 Feb 1;12:19.\">3<\/a> Low numbers of probiotics that produce riboflavin certainly impact nutrients levels in the body.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify\">How Prevalent Is Riboflavin Deficiency In Celiac Disease and\/or Gluten Sensitivity?<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Riboflavin deficiency is common in patients with untreated celiac disease.<a href=\"#footnote_4_3318\" id=\"identifier_4_3318\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Murray JA, the widening spectrum of celiac disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Mar 1999; 69(3):354-365.\">4<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify\">What Are The Symptoms Of Riboflavin Deficiency?<\/h2>\n<p>Riboflavin deficiency is marked by these symptoms:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet red\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Sensitivity of eyes to light.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Itching or teary eyes.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Blurry vision.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Sores at corners of mouth.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Reddening of lips that may develop tiny fissures which may scar.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Glossitis (sore, purplish tongue with abnormal papilla &#8211; atrophied areas and\/or swollen papilla that hurt, also called \u201cgeographic tongue\u201d).<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Low strength.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Anxiety.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">More severe symptoms are seborrhea dermatitis (red, itching and burning skin followed by greasy, scaly accumulations that may appear on sides of nose, ears, eyelids, perineum in females, and scrotum in males), inflammation of eye conjunctiva, uveitis, constipation, indigestion, gas, and abdominal pain.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Prolonged deficiency leads to depression and normocytic (normal size blood cells) and normochromic anemia (normal color blood cells) with pallor and dizziness.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">In infants and children, growth retardation may occur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify\">How Does The Body Get Riboflavin?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"cp_check black\">\n<li>Riboflavin is absorbed from the diet in free form by a carrier-mediated process in the proximal small intestine (duodenum).<\/li>\n<li>It is not stored in any appreciable degree and must be supplied in the diet daily.<a href=\"#footnote_2_3318\" id=\"identifier_5_3318\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Kathleen Mahan and Sylvia Escott-Stump, ed. Krause&rsquo;s Food, Nutrition &amp; Diet Therapy, 10th Edition. Philadelphia, PA. USA: W.B. Saunders Company, 2000.\">2<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Genome studies now show that riboflavin is synthesized in appreciable amounts by certain probiotic bacteria (friendly and necessary) \u00a0that normally inhabit the colon, especially the species Lactobacillus planterum and Lactobacillus fermentum.<a href=\"#footnote_3_3318\" id=\"identifier_6_3318\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Lehri B, Seddon AM, and Karlyshev AV. Potential probiotic-associated traits revealed from completed high quality genome sequence of Lactobacillus fermentum 3872. Stand Genomic Sci. 2017 Feb 1;12:19.\">3<\/a> Low numbers of probiotics that produce riboflavin negatively impact nutrients levels in the body..<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify\">What Does Riboflavin Do In The Body?<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Essential for converting foodstuffs into energy.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Maintains the normal lifespan of red blood cells.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Converted into its active forms, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN). These enzymes are primarily involved as cofactors in oxidation reduction reactions that are essential for cellular energy production and respiration.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Required for the conversion of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) to its functional form and the production of niacin (vitamin B3) from the amino acid tryptophan.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Essentail role in antioxidant status by activating glutathione reductase, which regenerates used glutathione, (a powerful antioxidant).<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Maintains health of skin, eyes, hair, and the nervous system.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify\">How Does Riboflavin Deficiency Develop In Celiac Disease and\/or Gluten Sensitivity?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"cp_check red\">\n<li>Riboflavin deficiency in celiac disease results from malabsorption of this vitamin.<\/li>\n<li>Riboflavin deficiency\u00a0may result from dysbiosis because certain probiotic microbes, in particular Lactobacillus planterum and fermentum, manufacture appreciable amounts of riboflavin.<\/li>\n<li>Riboflavin deficiency may develop from chronic diarrhea.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify\">Does Riboflavin Deficiency Respond To Gluten-Free Diet?<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Yes. Celiac disease-related riboflavin deficiency resolves quickly on nutritious gluten free diet.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">However, it was found that the nutritional composition of a gluten free diet in male and female celiac patients in Germany have inadequate nutrient intakes. The average daily micronutrient intake of male and female patients, specifically of vitamin B1, B2, B6, folic acid, magnesium and iron, was significantly lower in celiac patients. Based on these findings, regular (laboratory) monitoring of celiac patients should be recommended.<a href=\"#footnote_5_3318\" id=\"identifier_7_3318\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Martin J, Geisel T, Maresch C, Krieger K, Stein J. Inadequate nutrient intake in patients with celiac disease: results from a German dietary survey.&nbsp;Digestion. 2013;87(4):240-6. doi: 10.1159\/000348850.\">5<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The gluten-free diet should include fermented foods like organic unpasteurized apple cider vingar, yogurt with living probiotics, and natural sauerkraut unpasteurized to supply fresh probiotics. Also, include adequate amounts of insoluble fiber (prebiotics) to keep probiotic organisms of the intestines healthy. Prebiotic fibers are found in plant sources such as fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and GF grains. Milk products feed Lactobacillus strains.<\/p>\n<h2>6 Steps To Correct Riboflavin Deficiency:<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"cp_check green\">\n<li><em><span style=\"color: #800000\"><span class=\"dropcap\"><strong>1<\/strong><\/span><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #800000\">Meet, or Exceed the RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances) for Riboflavin in milligrams (mg) per day<\/span><\/strong><\/em>:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><div class=\"box success\"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"tieicon-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">0.3 mg for infants birth-6 months; 0.4 mg for infants 7-12 months;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">0.5 mg for children 1-3 years;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">0.6 mg for children 4-8 years;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">0.9 mg for children 9-12 years;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">1.3 mg for teen boys 14-18 years; 1.1 mg for teen girls 14-18 years;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">1.3 mg for males 19-70 years; 1.1 mg for females 19-70 years;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">1.4 mg for pregnancy; 1.6 mg for breastfeeding women.\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<ul class=\"cp_check green\">\n<li><em><span style=\"color: #800000\"><span class=\"dropcap\"><strong>2<\/strong><\/span><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #800000\">Diet &#8211; Include Food Sources Richest in Riboflavin:<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"box shadow\"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"tieicon-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t<strong>Plant sources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet green\">\n<li>Nutritional yeast.<\/li>\n<li>Spinach.<\/li>\n<li>Brown rice.<\/li>\n<li>Orange.<\/li>\n<li>Apple.<\/li>\n<li>Lesser Amounts: Almonds, Whole Grains, Mushrooms, Soy, and Green Vegetables.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Animal Sources<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet green\">\n<li>Liver is the highest.<\/li>\n<li>Eggs.<\/li>\n<li>Cheese.<\/li>\n<li>Lesser Amounts: Milk (any animal), Beef, Pork, Poultry.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Cook&#8217;s Note<\/strong>: Riboflavin is destroyed by light so cover the pot when cooking. Food should be stored in dark containers away from the light to protect their riboflavin content. This is the reason for the switch from glass milk bottles to cartons.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Riboflavin can be lost in water when foods are boiled or soaked, so be sure to consume the liquid. Riboflavin is not destroyed by heat, so vegetables are best steamed. It is best not to cook in oil. Canned vegetables suffer the loss of 55% of riboflavin.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Last, riboflavin is sensitive to alkali, so do not add baking soda when cooking.\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<ul class=\"cp_check green\">\n<li><em><span style=\"color: #800000\"><strong><span class=\"dropcap\">3<\/span>\u00a0Diet &#8211; Avoid, Limit, or Eat Separately These Foods\u00a0That Deplete or Interfere With Absorption:<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"box shadow\"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"tieicon-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet red\">\n<li>Alcoholic consumption reduces absorption of riboflavin from the small intestine.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<ul class=\"cp_check green\">\n<li><span class=\"dropcap\">4<\/span>Monitor Medications That Deplete or Interfere With Absorption:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><div class=\"box shadow\"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"tieicon-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\tCertain prescription drugs can cause deficiency.\u00a0Ask your doctor or pharmacist about possible interactions between riboflavin supplements and medications you&#8217;re taking to make sure you time the doses correctly. <strong>Do not stop taking prescription medication without supervision.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Here are common medications that increase risk and should to be monitored for deficiency:<\/p>\n<p><strong>FEMALE HORMONES<\/strong> &#8211; Disrupt Intestinal permeability causing leaky gut.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet blue\">\n<li>Oral Contraceptives (Norinyl\u00ae, Ortho-Novum\u00ae, Triphasil\u00ae, and others).<\/li>\n<li>Oral Estrogen\/Hormone Replacement<em> (\u00ae, Prempro\u00ae, Premarin\u00ae, Estratab\u00ae<\/em> and others).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0ANTIBIOTICS<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet blue\">\n<li>Tetracycline (oral antibiotic).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>ANTI-MALARIAL DRUGS<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet blue\">\n<li>\u00a0Primaquin\u00ae<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>ANTI-DEPRESSANTS\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet blue\">\n<li>Sinequan\u00ae,\u00a0<em>Adapin\u00ae, Aventyl\u00ae, Elavil\u00ae, Pamelor\u00ae, and others<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>ANTI-GOUT DRUG<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet blue\">\n<li>\u00a0Probenecid\u00ae.\u00a0\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_check green\">\n<li><em><span style=\"color: #800000\"><span class=\"dropcap\"><strong>5<\/strong><\/span><strong>Manage\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #800000\">Nutritional Supplements to Obtain<\/span><\/strong><\/em><em><strong>:<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"box shadow\"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"tieicon-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet orange\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Riboflavin is available in tablet form and is a usual ingredient in multivitamin supplements and B-Complex supplements.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Natural riboflavin preparations made from food are superior to synthetic ones\u00a0that are chemically produced.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Avoid any preparation that contains these harmful chemicals most of which are derived from benzene (a toxic hydrocarbon, C6H6): benzoic acid, methyparaben (found in breast cancer tissue, in eye drops it damages the eye surface), propylparaben, paraben, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol (propanediol), polysorbate 60.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Toxicity<\/strong><em>: Riboflavin has no observed toxicity for intakes up to 3,000-9,000 mg daily, although these excessive amounts would be lost in urine along with needed minerals. There is no evidence of toxicity from oral administration of riboflavin, except for rare cases of sensitivity to the individual.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><em>Taking excessive amounts of riboflavin while breastfeeding can be harmful to the baby.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Storage Note<\/strong>:<em>\u00a0Store container tightly sealed, away from heat, moisture and direct light to avoid loss of potency. That is, in a safe kitchen cabinet or the fridge &#8211; not in the bathroom or on the kitchen table.\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/em><\/p>\n<ul class=\"cp_check green\">\n<li><em><span style=\"color: #800000\"><span class=\"dropcap\"><strong>6<\/strong><\/span><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #800000\">Other Supplements That Deplete or Interfere With Absorption:<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"box shadow\"><div class=\"box-inner-block\"><i class=\"tieicon-boxicon\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\n<ul class=\"cp_bullet red\">\n<li>None reported. Check with your pharmacist.\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Medical Research Findings On Riboflavin Deficiency In Celiac Disease and\/or Gluten Sensitivity:<\/h2>\n<h4><strong>RESEARCH STUDY SUMMARIES<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">&#8220;<strong>Inadequate nutrient intake in patients with celiac disease: results from a German dietary survey<\/strong>.&#8221; This study investigating the nutritional composition of a gluten free diet and to compare it with non-gluten free diet in a representative German non-celiac disease population found that male and female celiac patients in Germany have inadequate nutrient intakes.\u00a0Data from 88 patients aged 14-80 years who filled out a prospective 7-day food diary and a questionnaire were analyzed and compared to the DACH reference values and to data from the German National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NVS II).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Results: The average daily micronutrient intake of male and female patients, specifically of vitamin B1, B2, B6, folic acid, magnesium and iron, was significantly lower in celiac patients compared to the NVS II. Based on these findings, regular (laboratory) monitoring of celiac patients should be recommended.<a href=\"#footnote_5_3318\" id=\"identifier_8_3318\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Martin J, Geisel T, Maresch C, Krieger K, Stein J. Inadequate nutrient intake in patients with celiac disease: results from a German dietary survey.&nbsp;Digestion. 2013;87(4):240-6. doi: 10.1159\/000348850.\">5<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u201cGlossodynia in patients with nutritional deficiencies.\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0Various types of nutritional deficiencies can produce glossodynia and associated signs of inflammation. Changes such as swelling of the\u00a0tongue, papillary atrophy, and surface ulceration are possible in most of the\u00a0deficiency\u00a0states. To further complicate the clinical picture, the patient commonly will suffer from multiple nutritional deficiencies. Therefore, it is not advisable to diagnose a specific nutritional\u00a0deficiency\u00a0on clinical impression alone. Specific tests for suspected riboflavin deficiency\u00a0are available. Glossodynia related to nutritional\u00a0deficiency\u00a0is easily curable with replacement therapy. Identification of a vitamin\u00a0deficiency\u00a0through early oral symptoms can forestall development of serious and irreversible systemic and neurologic damage.<a href=\"#footnote_6_3318\" id=\"identifier_9_3318\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Huber MA, Hall EH. Glossodynia in patients with nutritional deficiencies.&nbsp;Ear Nose Throat J.&nbsp;1989 Oct;68(10):771-5\">6<\/a><\/p>\n<ol class=\"footnotes\"><li id=\"footnote_1_3318\" class=\"footnote\">Shibata K, Hirose J, Fukuwatari T. Relationship Between Urinary Concentrations of Nine Water-soluble Vitamins and their Vitamin Intakes in Japanese Adult Males.\u00a0<em>Nutr Metab Insights.<\/em>\u00a02014 Aug 5;7:61-75. doi: 10.4137\/NMI.S17245.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_1_3318\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_2_3318\" class=\"footnote\">Kathleen Mahan and Sylvia Escott-Stump, ed. Krause\u2019s Food, Nutrition &amp; Diet Therapy, 10th Edition. Philadelphia, PA. USA: W.B. Saunders Company, 2000.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_2_3318\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_5_3318\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_3_3318\" class=\"footnote\">Lehri B, Seddon AM, and Karlyshev AV. Potential probiotic-associated traits revealed from completed high quality genome sequence of Lactobacillus fermentum 3872. <em>Stand Genomic Sci<\/em>. 2017 Feb 1;12:19.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_3_3318\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_6_3318\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_4_3318\" class=\"footnote\">Murray JA, the widening spectrum of celiac disease. <em>American Journal of Clinical Nutrition<\/em>. Mar 1999; 69(3):354-365.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_4_3318\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_5_3318\" class=\"footnote\">Martin J, Geisel T, Maresch C, Krieger K, Stein J. Inadequate nutrient intake in patients with celiac disease: results from a German dietary survey.\u00a0<em>Digestion<\/em>. 2013;87(4):240-6. doi: 10.1159\/000348850.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_7_3318\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_8_3318\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_6_3318\" class=\"footnote\">Huber MA, Hall EH. Glossodynia in patients with nutritional deficiencies.\u00a0<i>Ear Nose Throat J.<\/i>\u00a01989 Oct;68(10):771-5<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_9_3318\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What Is Riboflavin? Riboflavin, also called vitamin B2, is fundamentally required for the breakdown of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fats in metabolism,\u00a0enables oxygen to be used by cells, and acts as a component of more than a dozen enzymes involved in energy production and use. Some enzymes needing riboflavin also require magnesium to properly function. &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":9116,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,1682,1131,24,974,148,73,245],"tags":[1884,602,300,2135,534,325,470,712,1689,2133,828,2138,1860,1207,2134,1857,2136,67,1885,1391,2137,1769,1091,1886,1895,1893,1888,1898,76],"class_list":["post-3318","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-health-conditions-2","category-malabsorption-disorders","category-nutrient-deficiencies","category-nutrient-deficiency-symptoms","category-symptoms","category-riboflavin","category-vitamins","category-water-soluble-vitamins","tag-health-conditions-2","tag-abdominal-pain","tag-anemia","tag-blurry-vision-sores-at-corners-of-mouth-reddening-of-lips","tag-burning-tongue","tag-constipation","tag-depression","tag-dysbiosis","tag-extreme-anxiety","tag-eye","tag-gas","tag-geographic-tongue","tag-growth-retardation-in-children","tag-indigestion","tag-itching-or-teary-eyes","tag-lactobacillus","tag-low-strength","tag-muscular-2","tag-nutrient-deficiency-symptoms","tag-nutrients-2","tag-purplish-tongue","tag-seborrhea-dermatitis","tag-sensitivity-to-light","tag-blood","tag-digestive","tag-integumentary-2","tag-sensory-2","tag-vitamins","tag-water-soluble"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3318","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3318"}],"version-history":[{"count":55,"href":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3318\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18309,"href":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3318\/revisions\/18309"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9116"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3318"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3318"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glutenfreeworks.com\/health\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3318"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}